Smart card / contactless card
Wearables & cards
What is it?
A contactless smart card is a credit-card-sized PVC or PET card with an embedded RFID chip and antenna. They are the most widely deployed RFID form factor in the world – every contactless bank card, transit card, access badge, and e-passport uses this technology. The card format is defined by ISO/IEC 7810 (ID-1 size: 85.6 × 53.98 mm).
How it works
A dry inlay with a coil antenna is laminated between PVC layers and cut to ISO card dimensions. The coil antenna is tuned to 13.56 MHz and couples inductively with the reader. ISO 14443 (proximity) cards use load modulation for short-range, high-speed communication – ideal for payment and transit. ISO 15693 (vicinity) cards use a different modulation scheme for longer range but lower speed – used in library systems.
Use cases
- Contactless payment (Visa, Mastercard)
- Public transit (Oyster, Suica, Opal)
- Access control and building security
- Government ID and e-passports
- Library cards
- Hotel room keys
Pros
- Universally recognised form factor
- Extremely durable (5–10 year lifespan)
- Supports advanced security (AES, DES encryption)
- Can combine contact + contactless interfaces
- Mass production is well-established and low-cost
Cons
- Fixed size – not suitable for small items
- Short read range (ISO 14443)
- Can be skimmed if not properly secured
- Requires a reader infrastructure
Specifications
| Power type | Passive – powered by reader signal |
|---|---|
| Frequency | HF (13.56 MHz) – ISO 14443 or ISO 15693 |
| Read range | ISO 14443: up to 10 cm; ISO 15693: up to 1 m |
| Lifespan | 5–10 years |
| Price range | $0.50–$5.00 per unit |
| Environmental rating | Indoor/outdoor; splash-resistant; -25°C to +70°C |